【JUnit】JUnit5注解学习指引¶
注解(Annotations)是JUnit的标志性技术,本文就来对它的20个注解,以及元注解和组合注解进行学习。
20个注解¶
在org.junit.jupiter.api
包中定义了这些注解,它们分别是:
@Test
测试方法,可以直接运行。@ParameterizedTest
参数化测试,比如:@ParameterizedTest @ValueSource(strings = { "racecar", "radar", "able was I ere I saw elba" }) void palindromes(String candidate) { assertTrue(StringUtils.isPalindrome(candidate)); }
@RepeatedTest
重复测试,比如:@RepeatedTest(10) void repeatedTest() { // ... }
@TestFactory
测试工厂,专门生成测试方法,比如:import org.junit.jupiter.api.DynamicTest; @TestFactory Collection<DynamicTest> dynamicTestsFromCollection() { return Arrays.asList( dynamicTest("1st dynamic test", () -> assertTrue(isPalindrome("madam"))), dynamicTest("2nd dynamic test", () -> assertEquals(4, calculator.multiply(2, 2))) ); }
@TestTemplate
测试模板,比如:final List<String> fruits = Arrays.asList("apple", "banana", "lemon"); @TestTemplate @ExtendWith(MyTestTemplateInvocationContextProvider.class) void testTemplate(String fruit) { assertTrue(fruits.contains(fruit)); } public class MyTestTemplateInvocationContextProvider implements TestTemplateInvocationContextProvider { @Override public boolean supportsTestTemplate(ExtensionContext context) { return true; } @Override public Stream<TestTemplateInvocationContext> provideTestTemplateInvocationContexts( ExtensionContext context) { return Stream.of(invocationContext("apple"), invocationContext("banana")); } }
@TestTemplate必须注册一个TestTemplateInvocationContextProvider,它的用法跟@Test类似。
@TestMethodOrder
指定测试顺序,比如:import org.junit.jupiter.api.MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Order; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestMethodOrder; @TestMethodOrder(OrderAnnotation.class) class OrderedTestsDemo { @Test @Order(1) void nullValues() { // perform assertions against null values } @Test @Order(2) void emptyValues() { // perform assertions against empty values } @Test @Order(3) void validValues() { // perform assertions against valid values } }
@TestInstance
是否生成多个测试实例,默认JUnit每个测试方法生成一个实例,使用这个注解能让每个类只生成一个实例,比如:@TestInstance(Lifecycle.PER_CLASS) class TestMethodDemo { @Test void test1() { } @Test void test2() { } @Test void test3() { } }
@DisplayName
自定义测试名字,会体现在测试报告中,比如:import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; @DisplayName("A special test case") class DisplayNameDemo { @Test @DisplayName("Custom test name containing spaces") void testWithDisplayNameContainingSpaces() { } @Test @DisplayName("╯°□°)╯") void testWithDisplayNameContainingSpecialCharacters() { } @Test @DisplayName("😱") void testWithDisplayNameContainingEmoji() { } }
@DisplayNameGeneration
测试名字统一处理,比如:import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName; import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayNameGeneration; import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayNameGenerator; import org.junit.jupiter.api.IndicativeSentencesGeneration; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Nested; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest; import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource; class DisplayNameGeneratorDemo { @Nested @DisplayNameGeneration(DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class) class A_year_is_not_supported { @Test void if_it_is_zero() { } @DisplayName("A negative value for year is not supported by the leap year computation.") @ParameterizedTest(name = "For example, year {0} is not supported.") @ValueSource(ints = { -1, -4 }) void if_it_is_negative(int year) { } } @Nested @IndicativeSentencesGeneration(separator = " -> ", generator = DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class) class A_year_is_a_leap_year { @Test void if_it_is_divisible_by_4_but_not_by_100() { } @ParameterizedTest(name = "Year {0} is a leap year.") @ValueSource(ints = { 2016, 2020, 2048 }) void if_it_is_one_of_the_following_years(int year) { } } }
@BeforeEach
在每个@Test
,@RepeatedTest
,@ParameterizedTest
, or@TestFactory
之前执行。@AfterEach
在每个@Test
,@RepeatedTest
,@ParameterizedTest
, or@TestFactory
之后执行。@BeforeAll
在所有的@Test
,@RepeatedTest
,@ParameterizedTest
, and@TestFactory
之前执行。@AfterAll
在所有的@Test
,@RepeatedTest
,@ParameterizedTest
, and@TestFactory
之后执行。@Nested
嵌套测试,一个类套一个类,例子参考上面那个。@Tag
打标签,相当于分组,比如:import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; @Tag("fast") @Tag("model") class TaggingDemo { @Test @Tag("taxes") void testingTaxCalculation() { } }
@Disabled
禁用测试,比如:import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; @Disabled("Disabled until bug #99 has been fixed") class DisabledClassDemo { @Test void testWillBeSkipped() { } }
@Timeout
对于test, test factory, test template, or lifecycle method,如果超时了就认为失败了,比如:class TimeoutDemo { @BeforeEach @Timeout(5) void setUp() { // fails if execution time exceeds 5 seconds } @Test @Timeout(value = 100, unit = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) void failsIfExecutionTimeExceeds100Milliseconds() { // fails if execution time exceeds 100 milliseconds } }
@ExtendWith
注册扩展,比如:@ExtendWith(RandomParametersExtension.class) @Test void test(@Random int i) { // ... }
JUnit5提供了标准的扩展机制来允许开发人员对JUnit5的功能进行增强。JUnit5提供了很多的标准扩展接口,第三方可以直接实现这些接口来提供自定义的行为。
@RegisterExtension
通过字段注册扩展,比如:class WebServerDemo { @RegisterExtension static WebServerExtension server = WebServerExtension.builder() .enableSecurity(false) .build(); @Test void getProductList() { WebClient webClient = new WebClient(); String serverUrl = server.getServerUrl(); // Use WebClient to connect to web server using serverUrl and verify response assertEquals(200, webClient.get(serverUrl + "/products").getResponseStatus()); } }
@TempDir
临时目录,比如:@Test void writeItemsToFile(@TempDir Path tempDir) throws IOException { Path file = tempDir.resolve("test.txt"); new ListWriter(file).write("a", "b", "c"); assertEquals(singletonList("a,b,c"), Files.readAllLines(file)); }
元注解和组合注解¶
JUnit Jupiter支持元注解,能继承后实现自定义注解,比如自定义@Fast注解:
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
@Target({ ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD })
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Tag("fast")
public @interface Fast {
}
使用:
@Fast
@Test
void myFastTest() {
// ...
}
这个@Fast注解也是组合注解,甚至可以更进一步和@Test组合:
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Tag("fast")
@Test
public @interface FastTest {
}
只用@FastTest就可以了:
@FastTest
void myFastTest() {
// ...
}