【Django】快用DjangoRESTframework写写API吧¶
Django默认是前后端绑定的,提供了Template和Form,现在流行前后端分离项目,Python大佬坐不住了,于是便有了Django REST framework:https://github.com/tomchristie
官网:https://www.django-rest-framework.org/
Django REST framework(简称DRF)是个Python技术栈的后端框架,用来构建RESTful API。
RESTful API¶
REST,是指REpresentational State Transfer,有个精辟的解释什么是RESTful:
看URL就知道要什么
看Method就知道干什么
看Status Code就知道结果如何
良好的RESTful API设计的基本原则是:
返回JSON
严禁乱用状态码
处理好分页
返回具体的实体数据而不是返回通用的JSON数据
请求对象有默认值
创建项目¶
接下来我们使用DRF创建一个简单的API,允许管理员查看和编辑用户和组。
先创建名为tutorial
的project和名为quickstart
的app:
# 创建项目目录
mkdir tutorial
cd tutorial
# 创建Python虚拟环境
python -m venv env
# 激活虚拟环境
env\Scripts\activate.bat
# Mac中使用`source env/bin/activate`
# 在虚拟环境中安装Django和Django REST framework
pip install django
pip install djangorestframework
# 创建project,注意最后有个“.”,表示在当前目录创建
django-admin startproject tutorial .
cd tutorial
# 创建app
django-admin startapp quickstart
cd ..
创建好的目录结构如下:
$ pwd
<some path>/tutorial
$ find .
.
./manage.py
./tutorial
./tutorial/__init__.py
./tutorial/quickstart
./tutorial/quickstart/__init__.py
./tutorial/quickstart/admin.py
./tutorial/quickstart/apps.py
./tutorial/quickstart/migrations
./tutorial/quickstart/migrations/__init__.py
./tutorial/quickstart/models.py
./tutorial/quickstart/tests.py
./tutorial/quickstart/views.py
./tutorial/settings.py
./tutorial/urls.py
./tutorial/wsgi.py
一般不会把app放到project里面,这里是为了避免命名冲突。
接着同步数据库:
python manage.py migrate
然后创建一个超级管理员,密码password123
:
python manage.py createsuperuser --email admin@example.com --username admin
Serializers¶
序列化是指把数据库模型转换为JSON。新建模块tutorial/quickstart/serializers.py
:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group
from rest_framework import serializers
class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['url', 'username', 'email', 'groups']
class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Group
fields = ['url', 'name']
Views¶
视图用来接受Web请求并且返回Web响应。打开tutorial/quickstart/views.py
,添加代码:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework import permissions
from tutorial.quickstart.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
"""
queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
serializer_class = UserSerializer
permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticated]
class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.
"""
queryset = Group.objects.all()
serializer_class = GroupSerializer
permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticated]
URLs¶
配置路由,打开tutorial/urls.py
,添加代码:
from django.urls import include, path
from rest_framework import routers
from tutorial.quickstart import views
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)
# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
urlpatterns = [
path('', include(router.urls)),
path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
]
因为这里用的不是view而是viewsets,所以可以自动生成API的URLconf,只需要注册class即可。
也可以不用viewsets,用view,再自定义API URL。
Pagination¶
分页用来控制每页返回多少数据,在tutorial/settings.py
中添加:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
'PAGE_SIZE': 10
}
Settings¶
在tutorial/settings.py
中,把'rest_framework'
添加到INSTALLED_APPS
:
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
'rest_framework',
]
小结¶
本文是Django REST framework系列的开篇,内容参考的是官网的Tutorial。学了Django再看DRF,思路清晰多了,虽然我代码能力不强,但总是在追求规范和标准,难道是因为做测试的职业病么?