【Django】DRF对Django请求响应做了技术升级

image1

Django视图是用来处理请求和响应的,Django默认是按Form和Template来设计的,如果要处理以JSON格式为主的RESTful API,那么就需要对Django请求和响应的处理代码进行优化改造,本文就来介绍DRF在这一部分的技术升级。

Request

DRF把Django的HttpRequest扩展成了Request

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其中最核心的属性是request.data,它和request.POST的区别如下:

request.POST  # 只处理表单(Form)数据,只支持POST方法
request.data  # 处理任何数据,支持POST、PUT、PATCH方法

Response

DRF的Response继承自Django的django.template.response.SimpleTemplateResponse

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Response可以根据客户端的请求render合适的content type:

return Response(data)

我摘取了rendered_content()函数的代码:

@property
def rendered_content(self):
    renderer = getattr(self, 'accepted_renderer', None)
    accepted_media_type = getattr(self, 'accepted_media_type', None)
    context = getattr(self, 'renderer_context', None)

    assert renderer, ".accepted_renderer not set on Response"
    assert accepted_media_type, ".accepted_media_type not set on Response"
    assert context is not None, ".renderer_context not set on Response"
    context['response'] = self

    media_type = renderer.media_type
    charset = renderer.charset
    content_type = self.content_type

    if content_type is None and charset is not None:
        content_type = "{}; charset={}".format(media_type, charset)
    elif content_type is None:
        content_type = media_type
    self['Content-Type'] = content_type

    ret = renderer.render(self.data, accepted_media_type, context)
    if isinstance(ret, str):
        assert charset, (
            'renderer returned unicode, and did not specify '
            'a charset value.'
        )
        return ret.encode(charset)

    if not ret:
        del self['Content-Type']

    return ret

Status codes

如果在代码中直接写数字形式的状态码如400,是不容易阅读的,于是DRF提供了标识符如HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST来替代。我列一些常见的状态码标识符:

HTTP_200_OK = 200
HTTP_201_CREATED = 201
HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT = 204
HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST = 400
HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED = 401
HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN = 403
HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND = 404
HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405
HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500
HTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY = 502
HTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503
HTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504

全部的状态码标识符可以在rest_framework.status模块中看到。

@api_view和APIView

DRF对API视图做了2个封装:

  1. @api_view用于函数视图。

  2. APIView用于类视图。

它们提供了一些新功能,比如:

  • 检查请求是Request对象

  • 添加上下文到Response对象

  • 返回请求错误如405 Method Not Allowed

  • request.data格式有误时,抛出ParseError异常

改造views.py

接着就用上面这几个新实现对我们之前写的snippets/views.py进行改造:

from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer


@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])
def snippet_list(request):
    """
    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.
    """
    if request.method == 'GET':
        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == 'POST':
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)


@api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
    """
    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.
    """
    try:
        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)

    if request.method == 'GET':
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == 'PUT':
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        snippet.delete()
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

改动点有这些,添加了@api_view,如:

@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])

使用了状态码标识符,如:

status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND

使用request.data替代了data = JSONParser().parse(request),如:

serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.data)

使用Response()替代了JsonResponse(),如:

return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)

request.dataResponse()能根据请求的JSON自动处理content type。

添加后缀格式(可选)

既然DRF能自动处理content type,那么也可以给URL指定具体的后缀格式,比如http://example.com/api/items/4.json。具体添加步骤是,先给view增加1个可选参数format

def snippet_list(request, format=None):
def snippet_detail(request, pk, format=None):

再更新snippets/urls.py,添加format_suffix_patterns

from django.urls import path
from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns
from snippets import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),
    path('snippets/<int:pk>', views.snippet_detail),
]

urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)

这并不是必须的,实际上也无需这么做。

测试API

http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "title": "",
    "code": "foo = \"bar\"\n",
    "linenos": false,
    "language": "python",
    "style": "friendly"
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "title": "",
    "code": "print(\"hello, world\")\n",
    "linenos": false,
    "language": "python",
    "style": "friendly"
  }
]

跟之前的结果一样。再分别用form和json试试:

## POST using form data
http --form POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code="print(123)"

{
  "id": 3,
  "title": "",
  "code": "print(123)",
  "linenos": false,
  "language": "python",
  "style": "friendly"
}

## POST using JSON
http --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ code="print(456)"

{
    "id": 4,
    "title": "",
    "code": "print(456)",
    "linenos": false,
    "language": "python",
    "style": "friendly"
}

API文档

DRF提供了可视化的API HTML文档,把API URL在浏览器中打开即可看到:

image4

小结

技术要依托于业务,让技术落地,在业务中发挥技术的价值,产生从业务到技术,从技术到业务的良好循环。当然,会技术是个大前提,对技术的学习不能停,比如Django REST framework。