【Django】DRF使用超链接API实现真正RESTful

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很多API并不是真正的实现了RESTful,而应该叫做RPC (Remote Procedure Call 远程过程调用),Roy Fielding曾经提到了它们的区别,原文如下:

I am getting frustrated by the number of people calling any HTTP-based interface a REST API. Today’s example is the SocialSite REST API. That is RPC. It screams RPC. There is so much coupling on display that it should be given an X rating.

What needs to be done to make the REST architectural style clear on the notion that hypertext is a constraint? In other words, if the engine of application state (and hence the API) is not being driven by hypertext, then it cannot be RESTful and cannot be a REST API. Period. Is there some broken manual somewhere that needs to be fixed?

— Roy Fielding
https://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven

大概意思是,如果应用状态引擎(API)不是超文本驱动的,那么就不是RESTful。

我的理解是,像超文本一样携带一个地址,可以寻址定位信息,如超文本的link属性。

超链接(Hypermedia)API

Hypermedia指的是,返回结果中提供链接,连向其他API方法,使得用户不查文档,也知道下一步应该做什么。比如,当用户向api.example.com的根目录发出请求,会得到这样一个文档:

{"link": {
  "rel":   "collection https://www.example.com/zoos",
  "href":  "https://api.example.com/zoos",
  "title": "List of zoos",
  "type":  "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
}}

上面代码表示,文档中有一个link属性,用户读取这个属性就知道下一步该调用什么API了。rel表示这个API与当前网址的关系(collection关系,并给出该collection的网址),href表示API的路径,title表示API的标题,type表示返回类型。

创建api_root的Endpoint

回到教程的例子。在前面我们已经为snippetsusers创建了Endpoint,现在来创建根目录的Endpoint,编辑snippets/views.py

from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.reverse import reverse


@api_view(['GET'])
def api_root(request, format=None):
    return Response({
        'users': reverse('user-list', request=request, format=format),
        'snippets': reverse('snippet-list', request=request, format=format)
    })

reverse()函数用来返回snippets/urls.py中viewname对应的url,如path('users/', views.UserList.as_view(), name='user-list')

然后添加到snippets/urls.py中:

path('', views.api_root),

创建SnippetHighlight的Endpoint

还记得在上篇文章中提到的Snippet.highlighted字段么:

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我们现在为它创建Endpoint,继续编辑snippets/views.py

from rest_framework import renderers
from rest_framework.response import Response

class SnippetHighlight(generics.GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Snippet.objects.all()
    renderer_classes = [renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        snippet = self.get_object()
        return Response(snippet.highlighted)

然后添加到snippets/urls.py中:

path('snippets/<int:pk>/highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view()),

因为snippet.highlighted不是JSON而是HTML,所以用[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer]返回预渲染的(pre-rendered)HTML。

HyperlinkedModelSerializer

在Web API设计中,一般有以下几种方式来表示实体之间的关系:

  • 主键

  • 超链接

  • 关系实体(the related entity),唯一标识符字段(a unique identifying slug field)

  • 关系实体,默认字符串(the default string representation)

  • 关系实体,嵌入到父类中(the parent representation)

  • 其他自定义

前2个比较熟悉,后面几个有点不太懂,我理解是类似于数据库的关联关系表。

DRF支持以上所有方式,这里我们用DRF的HyperlinkedModelSerializer来实现真正的RESTful。在snippets/serializers.py中把我们之前的代码:

class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')

    class Meta:
        model = Snippet
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style', 'owner']


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    snippets = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Snippet.objects.all())

    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ['id', 'username', 'snippets']

修改为:

class SnippetSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.username')
    highlight = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='snippet-highlight', format='html')

    class Meta:
        model = Snippet
        fields = ['url', 'id', 'highlight', 'owner',
                  'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style']


class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    snippets = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(many=True, view_name='snippet-detail', read_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ['url', 'id', 'username', 'snippets']

其中ModelSerializer换成了HyperlinkedModelSerializer,后者的区别如下:

  • 默认不包含id字段

  • 包含url字段,用HyperlinkedIdentityField表示

    源码:serializer_url_field = HyperlinkedIdentityField

  • 关系用HyperlinkedRelatedField表示,而不是PrimaryKeyRelatedField

    源码:serializer_related_field = HyperlinkedRelatedField

由于用了HyperlinkedModelSerializer,SnippetSerializer和UserSerializer的url字段默认指向的是'{model_name}-detail' url pattern,这是DRF定义的,在示例中就是'snippet-detail''user-detail'。新增的highlight字段和url字段是一样的类型,它指向的是'snippet-highlight',而不是'snippet-detail'

修改url pattern

既然已经提到了url pattern,那么在snippets/urls.py中修改一下:

from django.urls import path
from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns

from snippets import views

## API endpoints
urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([
    path('', views.api_root),
    path('snippets/', views.SnippetList.as_view(), name='snippet-list'),
    path('snippets/<int:pk>/', views.SnippetDetail.as_view(), name='snippet-detail'),
    path('snippets/<int:pk>/highlight/', views.SnippetHighlight.as_view(), name='snippet-highlight'),
    path('users/', views.UserList.as_view(), name='user-list'),
    path('users/<int:pk>/', views.UserDetail.as_view(), name='user-detail')
])

name就是在serializers.pyviews.py中用到的。

添加分页

REST设计基本原则提到了:处理好分页。DRF添加分页的方式很简单,编辑tutorial/settings.py文件:

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
    'PAGE_SIZE': 10
}

小结

我之前是在学SpringBoot的时候了解过RESTful API的超链接API,文章开头的那一段介绍就是当时写的笔记,DRF提供了HyperlinkedModelSerializer来实现,还是比较好理解的,其中的细节需要在实战中再多多熟悉。